Every Line Manager Is an Hr Manager Essay Example Essay Example

Every Line Manager Is an Hr Manager Essay Example Paper Every Line Manager Is an Hr Manager Essay Introduction Discussion on: Every Line Manager is an HR Manager Introduction â€Å"Slowly but surely, line managers are taking over the HR front line. Gone are the days when the first port of call for any people management query was the HR department. † – Lucy McGee (Personnel Today) This is partly because HR as a function has transformed over the past decade. Administration is often outsourced, legislation has become more complex, European Union regulations have to be understood and adhered to, compensation is now many-sided, and selection and development have become more sophisticated. HR is both more specialist and more strategic than ever. At the same time, the managers’ role has evolved as leadership skills have been recognised as being important for a high-performing workforce. ‘People management’ no longer means filling a form at the yearly appraisal and a few friendly chats in the staff canteen. Spotting talent, motivating, coaching, giving feedback, and developing staff, are all constant, day-to-day activities. With HR departments focused on the bigger picture issues, and line managers actually managing the line, it’s vital these two functions understand each other. Thus the purpose of this paper is to examine the changing role and responsibilities of line manager, as well as possible implications of greater line manager involvement in HRD. Source: www. personneltoday. com The role of front line managers Front line managers are managers who are responsible for an employee or work group to a higher level of management. They are normally in the lower layers of the management hierarchy and the employees who report to them do not themselves have any managerial or supervisory responsibility (Hutchinson Purcell 2003). Every Line Manager Is an Hr Manager Essay Body Paragraphs The people and performance research carried out by a team at Bath University found that front line managers played a pivotal role in terms of implementing and enacting HR policies and practices. They found that where employees feels positive about their relationship with their front line managers they are more likely to have higher levels of job satisfaction, commitment and loyalty which are associated with higher levels of performance or discretionary behaviour. Discretionary behaviour is defined as that which goes beyond the requirements of the job to give that extra performance which can boost the bottom line. Line managers also play the strongest part in structuring people’s actual experience of doing a job (Hutchinson Purcell 2003). The areas where front line managers make a significant difference to people management practices include: †¢ performance appraisal †¢ training, coaching and guidance †¢ employee engagement (involvement and communication) †¢ openness – how easy is it for employees to discuss matters with their front line manager †¢ work-life balance †¢ recognition – the extent to which employees feel their contribution is recognised. These are all areas where, although the process may be designed by HR, it cannot be delivered by HR. The front line manager role is crucial in a number of respects: †¢ in enabling the HR policies and practices, or bringing them to life †¢ in acting upon advice or guidance from HR †¢ in controlling the work flow by directing and guiding the work of others. However, line managers often have conflicting priorities and role overload. All managers need time to carry out their people management activities. The Bath research found that front line managers exercise a strong influence over the level of discretion that an individual has over how they do their job. Some managers can permit and encourage people to be responsible for their own jobs whereas others can stifle initiative through controlling or autocratic behaviour. To encourage the kind of discretionary behaviour from employees associated with higher performance, front line managers need to: †¢ build a good working relationship with their staff. They need to lead, listen, ask, communicate, be fair, respond to suggestions and deal with problems †¢ help and support employees to take more responsibility for how they do their jobs by coaching and guidance †¢ build effective teams. Many of the qualities and skills which are associated with higher quality front line management are around the behaviours of front line managers. It is not enough to educate front line managers in the behaviours required; organisations must also ensure they are developing the environment and culture in which front line managers are actively encouraged and permitted to exhibit the behaviours above. The Bath research found that organisations which had a strong shared culture with guiding pri nciples for behaviour which were embedded into practice over time were more successful. To be good ambassadors of people management, line managers need, above all, self-confidence and a strong sense of their own security in the organisation. This, in turn, requires strong support and the appropriate training and development for those newly appointed in a line management role. Source: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development – UK Implications of greater line manager involvement in HRD The perception prevails that a number of benefits exist in using line managers as developers of people (Gibbs, 2003). The following key arguments for devolution of HRD to line managers are provided by different scholars: allowing HRD decisions to be tailored to the real needs and circumstances at the operational level; improving employee relationships and the work environment; enabling more effective decision making because of the shorter lines of communication, and others. The main advan tages presented in the scientific literature are summarized and discussed below. Firstly, a line manager’s role is critical in creating and stimulating the appropriate work environment supportive for learning (Macneil, 2001). It requires the promotion of positive attitudes towards continuous learning, since learning is not something that happens only during formal classroom training activities, but it is an integral facet of everyday working life. A line manager is expected to encourage the individual or team to take responsibility for how they will manage their own learning processes. It should happen through the provision of various opportunities for learning, for instance organizing meetings between employees with similar experience, creating mentor and job rotation systems, coaching, and others. Secondly, the research confirms that usually line managers lack knowledge and competence in human resource management (Macneil, 2001). Therefore, greater line managers’ inv olvement in HRD activities may lead to a development and transformation of the managers themselves and they would become more competent in managing people. This can also positively contribute to broader organizational change. Thirdly, line managers can help to improve the quality of HRD interventions by closing the gap between organizational performance and individual performance (Macneil, 2001). Line managers, rather than HRD specialists, are very familiar with the business context and both organizational and individual learning needs; therefore they should be able to address the most pressing learning needs. They are closer to the daily operations and customers. This gives line managers unique knowledge concerning organizational realities and needs, which can inform their understanding of the important issues and possible knowledge gaps. Without a systematic training needs analysis linked to the performance appraisal process it is unlikely that HRD will make a meaningful strategic contribution to enhancing organizational effectiveness. Identifying training needs arising from strategic goals, new technology and changes in the work process and linking it with performance appraisal process then becomes critical at the operational level for which a line manager is responsible. Despite the arguments provided above, recent research has shown that delegating HRD responsibility carries a number of challenges and risks and line management involvement in HRD work is not without complications (Reddington, Williamson and Withers 2005). It has been confirmed that workloads of line managers may marginalize their efforts in developing employees and they may not be able to pay sufficient attention to employee development. Performance criteria and reward systems are more likely to consider business results, than a longer term people development role. The responsibility for HRD is not very often included among line manager’s performance objectives. Also, it might be di fficult for line managers to play two opposing roles of assessor and coach. Moreover, line managers are not specialists in HRD and may lack confidence, knowledge and organizational support to assume the responsibility for HRD. Senior managers must be highly supportive in HRD role of line managers and an incentive system should be developed to motivate them. Furthermore, acting as a HRD facilitator demands a coaching management style, as opposed to a directive management style. Lack of coaching skills and insufficient line management motivation for this role is reinforced by findings that the least popular HRD delivery mechanisms include coaching and mentoring. This may be due to the large commitment of time and resources needed, yet these methods have consistently been emphasized as critical contribution to SHRD (Garavan, 1995). It is important to emphasize here that the devolvement of HRD activities to the line does not mean that traditional HRD function should vanish or be abolish ed. It is about increasing the role of line managers in HRD, but not about taking over the HRD function from the specialists. There is little reason to believe that line managers can be better developers than specialists’ trained in HRD (Gibbs, 2003). The role of HRD specialists is also changing. HRD specialists are liberated from routine administration and can focus on strategic and change management issues. They should be recognized as HRD advisors instead of merely HRD providers. This calls for a partnership between line management and HRD specialists. HRD specialists should be able to offer regular support to line managers helping them to analyze performance problems, assess learning needs, develop individual learning plans and develop their own coaching skills (Garavan, 1999). Conclusion The consensus of the above discussion indicates that all line managers are indeed HR managers and it is critical that they hone there HR skills in order to be effective enough to get the best out of his or her subordinates. However it is also important to keep in mind that a balance should be maintained between these HRD responsibilities and the other day to day responsibilities of a line manager. References Personneltoday – =http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2008/03/07/44780/hr-and-line-managers-speaking-line-managers-language.html data-wpel-link=external rel=nofollow>http://www. personneltoday. com/articles/2008/03/07/44780/hr-and-line-managers-speaking-line-managers-language. html We will write a custom essay sample on Every Line Manager Is an Hr Manager Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Every Line Manager Is an Hr Manager Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Every Line Manager Is an Hr Manager Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

How to Manage and ID Southern Waxmyrtle

How to Manage and ID Southern Waxmyrtle Southern waxmyrtle has multiple, twisted trunks with smooth, light gray bark. Wax myrtle is aromatic with olive green leaves and clusters of grey-blue, waxy berries on female plants which attract wildlife. Waxmyrtle is a popular landscape plant, ideal for use as a small tree if the lower limbs are removed to display its form. Waxmyrtle can stand impossible soil conditions, is rapid-growing and a striking evergreen. Without pruning, it will grow as wide as it is tall, usually 10 to 20. Specifics Scientific name: Myrica ceriferaPronunciation: MEER-ih-kuh ser-IF-er-uhCommon name(s): Southern Waxmyrtle, Southern BayberryFamily: MyricaceaeOrigin: native to North AmericaUSDA hardiness zones: 7b through 11Origin: native to North AmericaUses: Bonsai; container or above-ground planter; hedge; large parking lot islands Cultivars The cultivar Pumila is a dwarf form, less than three feet high. Myrica pensylvanica, Northern Bayberry, is a more cold-hardy species and the source of wax for bayberry candles. Propagation is by seeds, which germinate easily and rapidly, tip cuttings, division of the stolons or transplanting wild plants. Pruning Waxmyrtle is a very forgiving tree when pruned. Dr. Michael Dirr says in his book  Trees and Shrubs  that the tree withstands the endless pruning required to keep it in check. Wax myrtle will need pruning to keep it specimen beautiful. Removing excess shoot growth two times each year eliminates the tall, lanky branches and reduces the tendency for branches to droop. Some landscape managers hedge the crown into a multi-stemmed, dome-shaped topiary. Description Height: 15 to 25 feetSpread: 20 to 25 feetCrown uniformity: Irregular outline or silhouetteCrown shape: Round; vase shapeCrown density: ModerateGrowth rate: Fast Trunk and Branches Trunk/bark/branches: Bark is thin and easily damaged from mechanical impact; limbs droop as the tree grows, and may require pruning; routinely grown with, or trainable to be grown with, multiple trunks; showy trunkPruning requirement: Requires pruning to develop a strong structureBreakage: Susceptible to breakage either at the crotch due to poor collar formation, or the wood itself is weak and tends to breakCurrent year twig color: Brown; grayCurrent year twig thickness: Thin Foliage Leaf arrangement: AlternateLeaf type: SimpleLeaf margin: Entire; serrateLeaf shape: Oblong; oblanceolate; spatulateLeaf venation: PinnateLeaf type and persistence: Evergreen; fragrantLeaf blade length: 2 to 4 inchesLeaf color: GreenFall color: No fall color changeFall characteristic: Not showy Interesting Notes Waxmyrtle can be planted within 100 miles of the U.S. border, from Washington state to Southern New Jersey and south. It withstands endless pruning. Waxmyrtle fixes nitrogen in poor soils and transplants well from containers. Culture Light requirement: Tree grows in part shade/part sun; tree grows in the shade; tree grows in full sunSoil tolerances: Clay; loam; sand; acidic; alkaline; extended flooding; well-drainedDrought tolerance: ModerateAerosol salt tolerance: HighSoil salt tolerance: Moderate In Depth Southern Waxmyrtle is very tough and easily grown and can tolerate a variety of landscape settings from full sun to partial shade, wet swamplands or high, dry and alkaline areas. Growth is thin in total shade. It is also very salt-tolerant (soil and aerosol), making it suitable for seaside applications. It adapts well to parking lot and street tree planting, especially beneath power lines, but branches tend to droop toward the ground, possibly hindering the flow of vehicular traffic if not properly trained and pruned. Set them back from the road if used as a street tree so drooping branches will not hinder traffic. Removing excess shoot growth two times each year eliminates the tall, lanky branches and reduces the tendency for branches to droop. Some landscape managers hedge the crown into a multistemmed dome-shaped topiary. Plants spaced 10 feet apart, maintained in this manner, can create a nice canopy of shade for pedestrian traffic. Plants should be watered well until established and will then require no further care. The only drawback to the plant is its tendency to sprout from the roots. This can be a nuisance as they need to be removed several times each year to keep the tree looking sharp. However, in a naturalized garden this thick growth could be an advantage  since it would provide good nesting cover for wildlife. Only female trees produce fruit provided there is a male nearby, but seeds do not appear to become a weed problem in the landscape.

Legal Aspects of Health Administration Case Study

Legal Aspects of Health Administration - Case Study Example State and federal laws had been amended in order to protect young teenagers from any attempt to violate their chastity by older men. Thus, modern laws have encompassed statutory rape as involving the sexual assault on girls aged 13 to 18 depending on state laws. In California, the statute provides that "it is illegal for any person to have consensual sex with any person who is under the age of 18" (California Penal Code Sec. 261.5). Thus, it is clear that the new age of consent is now 18 years. This is based on the assumption that girls below the age of 18 are not mature enough and thus are legally incapable of consenting to sexual intercourse. However peer sex or what they term as Romeo and Juliet Law, wherein minor couples engage in coitus or the sex act, is treated differently or is an exemption to the rule. Here, the male is penalized for the 'crime' of misdemeanor if the age gap between him and the 'victim' is not more than 3 years. If the age difference is more than 3 years, th e male could be charged for misdemeanor or felony ( California Penal Code 261.5(b). But the harshest penalty is reserved for culprits aged more than 21 years old. Other than the charge of misdemeanor or felony, the adult culprit has to face fines and civil penalties, which increase with the age gap between the minor and the culprit. The civil penalty may ... But the harshest penalty is reserved for culprits aged more than 21 years old. Other than the charge of misdemeanor or felony, the adult culprit has to face fines and civil penalties, which increase with the age gap between the minor and the culprit. The civilHealth Admin 3 penalty may reach $25,000 (US Department of Justice 2003, p.3) if the "perpetrator is over 21 years old and the minor is under 16" (Cal. Penal Code 261.5 (e)). And in such case, the Statute of Limitations is 3 years, meaning, the filing of a case in court must be done within 3 years from the knowledge of the statutory rape. It is also worthwhile to mention that in California, mistake of fact is allowed as a legal defense by the perpetrator. He may allege that he did the crime believing that his 'victim' is beyond the age of consent. A. 15 Year Old Sandra Anderson's Case In the case of Mrs. Anderson's daughter, Sandra, there is definitely statutory rape because Sandra is merely 15 years of age and statutory rape laws in California had set the age of consent at 18 years.Whether Sandra acceded to the lustful desires of her stepfather is of no moment because in statutory rape, the gravamen of the offense is the carnal knowledge of a girl below the age of minority. Whether Sandra consented to the sexual act is not an issue because statutory rape does not consider that kind of consent as voluntary i.e presuming Sandra consented. It further presumes that the offended party does not and cannot have a will of her own. The fact that it was Sandra's stepfather who

How can we explain Americas involvement in the Vietnam War. To what Essay

How can we explain Americas involvement in the Vietnam War. To what extent did America get it wrong, terribly wrong - Essay Example In the North, the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam first proclaimed in September 1945, which the French had fought to suppress; in the south, the Government of the Emperor Bao Dai, which the French had sponsored. Both governments were committed to achieve the unity of the country. In the south, the chief minister Ngo Dinh Diem, the strongest figure in the government faced lots of difficulties because the gangster called as Binth Xuyen controlled the country side which was a total failure in the field of agriculture, communication and defence.Ngo Dinh diem defeated both Binh Xuyen, Bao Dai and proclaimed himself as president of the Republic of Vietnam on 26th Oct 1955.President Diem was greatly helped by United States and it disapproved of the Geneva agreement as a partial victory for the communists and was determined that they should make no further advance. In the last critical months of the Indo- China war, it had developed the view that the situation in the whole South East Asia was in danger of slipping under the pressure of the Soviet Union and China, that if the South Vietnamese or any other friendly government was allowed to fall to the communists, the others might fall down one by one. In the months following the Geneva agreement, the Eisenhower Administration took the basic decision to assist the South Vietnamese Government economically and to help it to build up its forces for internal security. On 8 Sep 1954, it led Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines and Thailand in the signature of the South East Asia Collective Defense Treaty. The "free territory under the jurisdiction of the state of Vietnam" together with Cambodia and Laos were designed in a protocol as coming under the provisions of the Treaty The final Declaration of the Geneva Conference had affirmed the unity of Vietnam and had envisaged the holding of general elections in July 1956. However, the South Vietnam Government had protested against the proceedings at Geneva and then proved to have no intention of holding elections jointly with the North. The wartime destruction was greater in North than in the South. The authority of Dang Lao Dong and the president Ho Chi Minh like they made local Mines, factories and industries were nationalized; those measures resented the people which led to execution and "suicides" in November 1956. When the quarrel between the Soviet Union and China developed in the late 1950 the North Vietnam reduced its dependence on them it was seen in their share of foreign aid had fallen from 65.3 to 19 percent in 1962.From 1956 onwards discontent with the rule of President Diem grew in the South. His manner of ruling, arbitrary arrests, censorship, suppression of dissent, were resented.Some economic progress was made but that was confined to the towns. In the countryside, broken land reform was implemented but it was too little. The communists were able to make use of this discontent. By the end of 1960, the South Vietnamese Government was faced with full scale insurgency, with the Communists in control o f the Mekang delta, the coastal provinces north-east of Saigon, and the highlands in Central Vietnam. Over the next

Plessy Versus Ferguson

Plessy Versus Ferguson Cobe Hill Lynn Jenks Homer Adolph Plessy was a black man who had dealt with oppression his entire life. He was born in the late 1800s after all. That happened to be prime time for racism in America. Homer was the type of man that faced his problems and stared them down. This lead him to sitting in the All Whites car in the East Louisiana Railroad in 1892. This was a mistake in the eyes of the white people, so they decided that it was about time to kick this kid off. The security guards laid down a beating on him then kicked him off the train. They kept his name and information though, as they were going far enough to sue him in the pending future. This is exactly what he wanted to happen, as he was a part of a black civil rights organization that opposed the recently passed Separate Car Act. He wanted them to put him in the courts, to show he was ready to fight for his rights as a black man. This case began locally, and Homer fought his way through many courts leading up to the Supreme Court. The most important was that of the Louisiana Supreme Court. This court upheld the law and declared it constitutional according to their interpretations. This set Homer off, and he knew that there was only one court left for him to appeal to and gain the freedom he knew he deserved. He had to go all the way up to the Supreme Court. Simply because there were so many black civil rights cases trudging their way up to the Supreme Court at that time, many people didnt believe whole-heatedly that this case was going to be reviewed. Homer wrote his appeal and submitted it to the Supreme Court within days of the rulings in Louisiana. Homers appeal was reviewed by the Supreme Court, just as every other case is and it was thought to be a potentially grounds-setting case. A committee was assigned the case and reviewed Homers facts against Louisiana and vice-versa. The case was deemed appropriate by the committee so they proposed it to the rest of the Court. They all seemed to be on board, so they decided to see the case as soon as they could. This just happened to be a long time later; 1896 to be specific. The states had created a law that was known as the Separate but Equal Act, and this acted just like it sounded. It upheld the fact that black and white men and women were equal, but they must be separated in the public facilities. This included areas like bathrooms, restaurants and of course, trains. There were plenty more segregated areas that were specifically designated to black people or white people respectively, but these werent supposed to be what was on trial here. Rather than the Separate but Equal Act as a whole, what was supposed to be on trial here was the Separate Car Act. For Homer Plessy, this Separate Car Act was the least of his issues, and he knew that there was more to fight for than good seating in a train. He was fighting for true equality for all people of color, and starting with trains didnt seem like enough for him. He wanted to just end it all in one court case, and had big plans to fight the entire Separate but Equal Act, which was a large bite to chew. He gathered all of his facts and took them with him to D.C. His lawyer was all for supporting equality between races and genders, but he knew that this was a large law to be attacking with such a small base. Only having gone through the courts fighting against the Separate Car Acts meant a lot for this Supreme Court case. They would have to change many things about their approach and their plea. He couldnt support Homer in this endeavor, but what he could do was broaden the picture of their case. He was going for the Supreme Court to overrule the Separate but Equal Act, not among the entirety of the United States, but just within Louisiana. This would potentially set the precedent for further cases, and if they won this case, that precedent would push the equality agenda more than ever before. When the case was accepted by the Supreme Court, the public opinion was that this law should be upheld. There wasnt very much budge in the public eye, and the courts had all seen that. Juries were impossible to be chosen without some sense of prejudice and or hatred within it. This was a problem that had plagued this case. This made all of the juries biased, and because the public was always against him, Homer lost all of the juries votes as soon as they were selected. With that all behind him and a fresh new court without such elegances as a jury, Homer believed that this was his chance to change peoples minds for real. He didnt have to sway an entire jury, just the Supreme Court, who had shown a similar bias towards cases like this one. They had voted that separation in the school system in Alabama was legal, which is concurrent to the effect of this case. It was a ruling that allowed Separate but Equal to be voted through by each state individually. Since this ruling, many states in the south decided to apply Separate but Equal to their public facilities. Louisiana was one of the states that had extended the power and use of Separate but Equal to every possible situation. Even in restaurant seating and in the public drinking fountains. There was still a very obvious distinction between the quality of these areas as well. Every area that was specifically for the white people was treated well and kept up, while the areas that were black only were trashed and never cleaned. This was all that was going through the state, and there wasnt an area that they could all go to get away from it. Homer knew that this had to end here, so he fought and fought with his lawyer to help him destroy the precedent and set his own. Pleading like he was already in court, Homer begged and begged. In a surprise turn, Homers lawyer decided that it might actually be a good idea to broaden there plea on the court, and chase after that freedom that blacks were in dire need of. He figured that it would be a better way to show the brutality of the separation and the way that they were treated. If they could give examples of every situation that included the separation, it might tear through the hearts of the Justices. They were people after all. It would be hard to show them the pain that the black community had been going through with just a little train car incident. That was the least of their problems, and attacking that wouldnt work, they needed to show everything that had been tormenting them, and Homers lawyer knew exactly how. He wanted to show that there was legally no difference between black people and white people. There was no legal way to treat them different, simply because of their skin color. He wasnt trying to prove that they were the same, just equal. There shouldnt be a way to treat white people in court or in public, and a way to treat black people. In the system of laws that were in place at this time, it would have been completely acceptable to just deny someone service because they were black. Finally the case came along, which was an incredibly stressful but exciting experience for Homer. He was ready to prove his point that he shouldnt be treated so poorly, but that wasnt what was going to happen that day. He didnt know it yet, but the case had been laid out against them from the start. The precedents set before this case were so overwhelming that it would only take a shred of evidence that Homer was in the wrong, and it would be over. That is exactly what happened on that day. Homer went from being excited to prove his innocence and show the world that it was wrong to segregate based on skin color to being depressed about the fact that he failed to represent his people. The cases ruling came to be that it wasnt above the law to imply a legal distinction between peoples of different skin color. Despite the fact that this seemed to be in complete contrast with the 13th and 14th amendments of the constitution, it was ruled this way. Homer was a precedent setting case that sadly held firm until a very closer time to our own. The case that finally ended the segregation and the Separate but Equal Act was the Brown vs. Board of Education case of 1954. This ended the torment that black men and women had to live through for over 100 years.

Disentangling Genres Essay -- Literature Essays Literary Criticism

  Ã‚  Ã‚   When asked to explain what distinguishes one literary genre from another, aficionados of a particular genre sometimes answer, "I know it when I see it." It may be true that some devotees develop a sixth sense in identifying a literary work as belonging to a specific genre. However, uncommunicated intuitive knowledge does little to either define relatively new or fledgling genres, or distinguish   break- away genres, such as exploration and science fiction from the similar or closely related "parent" genres of travel and adventure, and fantasy, respectively.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The better defined a genre, the less likely a reader will be to mistake one genre for another and the more likely a selection will match a person's expectations. However, the age old literary function of genre, to provide an interpretive framework for readers, is sometimes secondary to the business imperative that a text be marketed in the most profitable manner. Since some genres have a higher readership than other, publishers may have a   financial motivation for marketing a novel in a particular genre although readers may be mislead.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To increase interest, authors also frequently write books which exploit public interest or current trends.   Edgar Allan Poe's only novel, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket, capitalizes on the recent expeditions to the South Pole. However, the novel's journey and destination are largely superfluous to the action of the plot.   The story is a suspenseful fantasy of dark visions, darker actions and ghostly visitations from the living dead. Although some readers and critics consider it a science fiction novel, Pym is primarily a compilation of the many gothic plot devices of Poe's short... ...orks Cited Abrahams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Ft. Worth TX: harcourt,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brace College Publishers, 1999. Aldiss, Brian and Wingrove, David. The Trillion Year Spree.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Poughkeepsie,   NY: House of Stratus, 2001. Disch, Thomas M. The Dreams Our Stuff is Made Of.NY, NY: Simon and Schuster, 2000. Freedman, Car. Critical Theory and Science Fiction. Hanover, NH: UP of New England, 2000. "Macpherson, James."   E-Library. 1.2 (2002 ): Online. Internet. 14   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   April 2002  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/M/MacphersJ.asp Mann, George. The Mammoth Encyclopedia. NY,NY: Carrol and Graf, 2001. Nelson, Brain R. Western Political Thought. Inglewood Cliffs NJ:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prentice-Hall,1982. White, Craig. Syllabus LITR5738:Literature of Space and Exploration    ts. University of Houston Clear Lake. Houston TX.   

Phu Quoc

To Yen Ngan ELP 6 Lecturer: Mr. James Topic: Tourism in Phu Quoc Island Phu Quoc Island is located in Thailand Bay, lies in front of the Cambodia cost, 45km from Ha Tien to the West and 15 km from South Cambodia. Phu Quoc is located in the tropics and is affected by oceanic climate. These are the reasons why Phu Quoc’s climate is always being temperate with average temperature from 24oC – 27oC. The ideal time for tourist to visit Phu Quoc Island is from November to January (Lunar calendar) because in this time the sea is so calm and the amount of tourist will decrease that’s why the price of hotel and food will be more reasonable for everybody. Phu Quoc Island is an attractive island with not only fresh and wide virgin forests but also the most beautiful and clearest beaches. The island like an armed fortress of the Vietnamese navy, and 80% of the island is protected as the Phu Quoc National Forest. Phu Quoc is a beautiful island, bathed in the warm tropical sun; the sea is clear and green. Following are some famous attraction about Phu Quoc Island. Firstly is Coi Nguon museum. This is an interesting place to discover and know more about the culture and the history of Phu Quoc. This museum displays lots of ceramics, bronze and stone tools, and animal and sea mammal skeletons. Besides, there is some art work made by people from Phu Quoc using materials that are specific to Phu Quoc like sea shells and drift wood. Secondly is Phu Quoc Pearl Farm. Visiting this place, everybody have chance to find out about the way how pearl is cultivated. There is also displayed area with lots of pearl collections for your contemplation and shopping. At night, tourists can enjoy the night market in Duong Dong. Night Markets: is located in the middle of Duong Dong and it bustles with trade in fish, fruit, and vegetables. There are many activities in Phu Quoc Island. After enjoying swimming in the ost beautiful and clearest beaches, you can hire a boat to go fishing or do sightseeing in fresh and wide virgin forests or join a boat tour discovering the ocean, experience the fishermen daily life for snorkeling around some coral reefs, having lunch onboard, enjoy sea urchin – a specialty of Phu Quoc. Phu Quoc is also famous for impressive and colorful coral islands. Moreover, tourists can free at leisure for diving to discover the habitats of corals and fishes, or participating sports on the beach such as wa ter Moto, parachuting glide, kayaking, sailing boats †¦ njoy fresh local seafood. In conclusion, a visit to Phu Quoc Island is a good, an ideal and affordable opportunity to relax after hard working or studying and learn many new things in life. Tourists will be received many benefits from the trip to Phu Quoc Island such as make new friends, increase knowledge, explore the historical and cultural traditional of Vietnam many historical and cultural monuments that are connected closely with different stage of the Mekong Delta and country’s development. increase significantly self-confident and love natural, etc. List of References: * http://www. phuquocexplorer. com (Phu Quoc Explorer 2010, All rights reserved – Design by IT-DULICHPHUQUOC. INFO) * http://www. dulichphuquoc. com/2010/03/02/di-cau-ca-va-kham-pha-dao-hoang/ (2005 – 2010 Du Lich Phu Quoc) * http://www. mekongstay. com/vietnaminformations/phuquocisland/18. html (MekongStay co. Ltd 2007)